Analyze The Topic Of Motivation Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2906 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? The main task of a successful manager in the working environment is to get things done through the proper organization of employees interaction. To make it happen the manager ought to motivate the staff. But its much easier to say it than to implement. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Analyze The Topic Of Motivation Business Essay" essay for you Create order The issue of Motivation is really difficult topic both from practical and theoretical sides. It appears that despite the huge development of business psychology, the nature of motivation is still not clearly understood. Still many employees all over the world are facing inner conflicts trying to make themselves do the work which they dont want to do. Many employers trying to figure out how they can raise the effectiveness and efficiency of their teams. Nevertheless the problem remains. Moreover, the issue of poor motivation leads us to another troubles such as: Bad inner climate in the organization Low performance Conflicts in the team Increased turnover Additional expenses for motivation and team-building trainings Etc. Definitely these points altogether can make the life of any organization significantly more difficult, especially considering the current difficult economical situation. Thats why its essential to find a proper solution for this case. To under stand how motivation works, we need to figure out the human nature. Some aspects of the human nature are obvious, the other lies deep inside its core structure. And its important to always remember it on the long road of understanding the concept of effective motivation. During the observation of the revealed problem we will have to cover some of the relevant areas of psychology. Motivation has some kind of a riddle inside as its not directly linked to money or promotion. It has nothing to do with outer environment. What is really important in this case is inner motives. 1.2 Aim The primary aim of this work is to analyze the topic of motivation, observe the most important psychological factors which have an influence on employees raising or decreasing the level of motivation, and offer perspective approach of managing the motivation through creating healthy relations between managers and employees. We will also focus on different tools and instruments using which we can manage this issue as practical side is really important in this research. 1.3 Structure After the introduction we will cover the part which is dedicated to the role of psychology regarding the topic of motivation and afterwards we will observe some of the most significant psychological factors which have direct affection on the employees performance. Finally, we will summarize the most important points of this work and review them in the conclusion. The role of psychology in corporate interpersonal relations Much of motivational problems are coming from imbalanced relations in team (especially in interaction of employees and the management). Usually specialists are trying to find the roots of the poor motivation in outer factors such as salary, unsatisfying working environment and an absence of expected promotion. It appears that this approach doesnt work effectively as the problem remains to be the same both for small and for big business (despite the level of offered to empl oyees salary), both for employees who recently got promoted and for those who stocked in their career development and finally its also still actual for the companies which have lots of different HR awards for creating a perfect working condition for the staff. Consequently, we may assume that the answer lies somewhere else. In this part of the work we will observe various models and concepts of motivation systems and later we will try to evaluate and suggest some critical points on which we could base new construct of modern motivation approach. We can define motivation as the psychological process that gives behavior purpose and direction (Kreitner, 1995) and also as an internal drive to satisfy an unsatisfied need (Higgins, 1994). It is possible to define motivation as attraction to the goal and inner readiness to undertake something to achieve it. The need to understand factors which motivate and inspire employees and moreover what potentially could employers do to increase th e level of motivation, has been the primary aim of research by many scientists and still this topic has high relevance and many uncovered questions inside. There are many different points of view and models of motivation structure which were discovered by psychologists and business coaches. Now we will observe some of them. Scientific Model The concept of scientific management considers the staff as an input to the production of goods/services. This idea is based on training and development of employees instead of giving them an opportunity to choose their own goals, training methods and tasks, and the main objective is to perform the work according to the plan and developed strategy. Significant contribution to this approach was brought by Frederick Taylor. Taylor analyzed human behavior from the scientific point of view with the machine model considering people as an equivalent of mechanism. After detailed analysis of the job process, employees were trained to do only wha t was required for required result. In some sense, the main aim was to separate human variability from the working process. Taylors concept was successful and really increased production and profitability. Nevertheless, Taylors approach considered employees as machines and faced strong resistance from workers who saw this process as dehumanization. Moreover this approach also met group resistance because nobody likes to be closely monitored during the whole period of working time as it raises additional stress and frustration. Behavioral approach This approach puts emphasis on factors which motivate employees and aimed at identification and account for the influences that motivate staff. The roots of this concept are beginning from Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs theory which considered human basic needs in the form of a hierarchy, being ranged from lowest to the highest. Maslow was inclined to think that lower level needs had to be satisfied before the higher level needs a nd since one particular set of needs is satisfied, that kind of needs is not a motivator anymore. The needs which Maslow included in his concept are the following: Physiological needs Safety or Security Social Needs Esteem Self actualization If we take a look at Maslows hierarchy of needs, well easily see that when each group of needs is satisfied, higher need becomes primal. Here also hides another interesting point when a need is satisfied, it stops being motivating anymore. The breaking point of Abraham Maslows theory is to concentrate on evaluating the level of hierarchy the person currently has and focus on the goal of satisfying that persons needs and the higher needs. This theory of needs has been widely developed and accepted by managers all around the world. Despite the fact that this theory is easy to be practically implemented and generally simple to understand, it still doesnt have solid practical evidence of its effectiveness and moreov er there is no system to measure the efficiency of the theory after implementation. Vrooms Expectancy Theory The following concept claims that motivation stands on core values and beliefs of people and tests motives through the idea of what will happen according to the individuals expectations. It is organized around the idea that employees activity will lead to performance and consequently performance will bring us to appraisal and rewards. This theory claims that people can be motivated if they truly believe that there is a positive connection between the efforts which employees put in and their performance which afterwards leads to rewards. Finally, the reward creates an opportunity to satisfy a significant need and this desire is solid enough to make the efforts seem worthy. Vrooms theory also states that the advantage of employees motivation will depend on the structure to which they inclined to expect the results to contribute towards their needs or aims and locate th at motivation as a result of a cautious and rational calculation(Vroom, 1964). Basically, Vroom claims that the equation which explains main concept of his theory Motivation = Expectancy * Instrumentality * Valence possibly might be used to predict if a particular reward will be considered as a solid enough motivator for an employee or not. Porter-Lawler Expectancy theory Basically, this theory is based on the same structure as Vrooms theory and suggests that core levels of motivation are stood more on the value that employees place on the reward.  Real performance in a working process is basically organized by the invested effort and is usually affected by the employees ability to qualified performance and the perception of what the required task is all about. Porter-Lawler theory claims that performance is the most significant factor that leads us to inner and outer-oriented rewards which with the equity of employee leads to overall satisfaction. This theory demonstr ates the importance of policy of avoiding discriminatory practices in the working environment and claims that it is essential for the personnel to give equal and fair treatment to the staff. Part 2 After we have observed several theories and approaches in the first part of the work, we may state that none of them are perfect and moreover we may suggest that successful manager surely needs to apply a mix of these concepts in his attempts to organize a working process in the most effective way and motivate people really efficiently. In this part we will cover various hints and tools on which a new approach relevant to the situation can be based. One of the most important points of a new generations approach is a fact that money and promotion are main motivators. Unfortunately it is not so simple, and it doesnt equal happy staff. Definitely, money will always play an important role in motivating people and certainly serious compensation plan is extremely valuable to attracting and making stat key employees. But the answer is that additional money is not the only answer and in many different situations not the best answer. It appears that non-monetary compensation is the main value which employer is able to provide to employees nowadays. It also seems logical to highlight three major areas where emphasis should be put: Treatment, Education Development and Environment. Now, lets take a more attentive look at them. Treatment If we speak about the treatment its very important for a manager to give to employees recognition and attention. When people accomplish a task it means that they have achieved something. Recognition is some kind of appreciation for the achievement. Many managers forget about giving recognition because its not so widely developed policy in todays corporate environment. Recognition works also very well when it comes from an executive management. The secret of this tool is that it shouldnt be used neither too often nor too rare. Its also essential to manage corporate events offsite as they events empower bonding which in return strengthen team spirit, which significantly enhances positive work environment. There should be always a place for some relaxing and entertaining events in a corporate lifestyle of any organization. These events significantly help to establish friendly and positive atmosphere in team and consequently raise the level of motivation and maintain required enviro nment. Holidays and Birthday parties, sports events can help bring all employees together for a happy party time. The most successful events appear to be those which affiliated with various specific themes such as cultural theme for example, really nice ideas to base contest on. Another interesting idea which can help to create a solid motivation level is giving a chance to employees to have a time off.   Effective manager should create contests that earn time off. Employees will compete with a great enthusiasm for additional one or two hours off. And moreover theyll do it as hard as they will work for usual monetary award. When people have an opportunity to get dismissals, arrivals and additional vacation days it will motivate and inspire them. Education Development Education should be provided surely because it will be considered by the employees as an important value. For instance, individual coaching can be a solid contribution to employees development. The only price here is time. When employer invests his time in employees development it means his care and pure interest in team progress through the prism of every individual. Besides that, usual training also should not be forgotten. There is no such employer who can provide too much training. There are many employers who think that employees have already been enough trained or generally the level of employees development is high enough and only one member of the team needs training. Education processes in company should be controlled by a supervisor with provided help from specific employees who are able to demonstrate a specific strength amongst the skills list. These training sessions will continually increase the effectiveness of the performance of employees and the productivity of a business. Various seminars (outside and inside) are also can be provided. Basically, these seminars are usually efficient for many people. Different seminars can be granted for some employees in a form of a prize. Then this seminar can be recreated to the rest of the people by participants and finally the whole staff can get the knowledge nearly for free. Trainings on the topic of Stress Management also can play part in a process of motivation formation.  Many different books and articles were written on this topic. These materials can be given to employees and moreover manager should encourage them to use these materials in practice. Its also great if a company has a possibility to provide a seminar inside the organization on various stress management strategies and techniques. Its also important to give a clear understanding of a career path to employees. The staff needs to know what is waiting them potentially in the nearest future from the promotion point of view, what opportunities they have for growth. This aspect plays a really significant role in the overall motivation process of employees. Effective manager should also set visible career paths in the organization. Environment Various industry studies have shown the importance of good work environment and its significant role in motivation. Its a pleasant fact that more and more employers appreciate the meaning of proper working condition. Comfort and well-organized working conditions are very important to the emotional state which employees feel regarding the environment where people work. The office should look really nice: pictures on the walls, plantsÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± fresh paint and nice furniture will definitely make people feel much better about their working environment. Its essential to control if there is enough space for effective and comfortable working process or not. All desks should be ergonomic and of the proper size, chairs and sofas should be comfortable. Effective manager definitely should also care not only about outer environment but about the inner part too. Surely, there are many employees nearly in every organization who would like to use their chance to handle additional re sponsibility. Managers ought to identify who these people are and try to do best to match the most actual responsibilities to the employees strengths and wants. Conclusion Finally we have observed various motivation approaches, theories and whats even more important, practical guidelines which can be practically implemented in a process of raising motivation amongst employees and keeping it on a high level permanently. Effective managers need to figure out what motivates employees in the context of the roles they perform and understand the process, theories, and fundamental components of motivation concept. Despite the fact which theory is chosen, (or even the mix of them) interesting work and employee pay are important links to higher motivation. Various options such as job enlargement, job enrichment, promotions, monetary and especially non-monetary types of compensation should be taken into consideration. The secret key to effective motivating employees is to know what m otivates them and designing a motivation program based on those core needs. Successful leader who understands his teams hidden desires and forces which motivates people should permanently reflect and react on his activities re-developing and optimizing his approach. All listed earlier concepts should be kept in mind altogether because motivation is a personal thing for every individual. When employees realize that they are being treated equally and fairly, they will most probably do their best in work. Manager needs to keep in mind that employees have their own personal goals and system of motivation as much effective as much it meets these aims. Fair pay and comfortable humanized working conditions are surely essential for any organization as these criteria cover basic needs of every employee. Nevertheless, such inner factors as fulfillment at work and recognition shouldnt be forgotten as such type of a motivation helps to Motivating staff helps to make employees more devoted an d committed to the workplace. Through understanding of the effects of different motivation techniques, we are able to make work a really exciting, challenging and interesting experience for employees during creating a more productive, profitable and competitive business structure. It is important to create the proper environment to motivate and engage people through the lever of development, communication channels, solid training and fair and feedback given in a proper time. Its also very important for a manager to try to practically apply a skill of empathy and ask himself about the factors which motivate every person of the team individually. Knowing this and understanding factors which drives people can help figure out what sequence of moves should be taken in every particular case and situation. Understanding the motivations of others can give insight which will better help to understand hidden relations.

Kate Chopin s Life And Feminism - 1281 Words

Kate Chopin’s Life and Works- Feminism Kate Chopin, born on February 8th, 1850, was a progressive writer in the midst of a conservative and unequal time. She exposed the unfair undertones of society in such a way that made people outrage and condemn some of her works. However, in the early 1900s, her works were examined again and people started to listen to her ideas. One of these main motifs that Chopin’s works kept bringing up were feminism and equality. In The Awakening, Edna Pontellier, a radical feminist, and Adele Ratignolle, a subtle feminist, demonstrate to the reader the desire for equality for women. The actions of these characters critique on the social problems of the time period while at the same time advocating for women’s rights and independence. Edna’s words and actions often comment on the unfair nature of marriage and the right for women to challenge this unfairness. While Edna is very radical about her feminist values, Adele is more subt le, but still effective at advocating women’s rights. Overall, these fictional characters values in Chopin’s The Awakening stem from the values and beliefs that Kate Chopin acquired in her early life. The role models that Chopin had, her mother and grandmother, her marriage life, and the social injustices in the south all influenced her values and views on feminism. Kate Chopin’s early life significantly influences her underlying feminist ideas in The Awakening, portrayed by Edna and Adele’s characterization. Early inShow MoreRelatedLeo Haines. Professor Capozzi. Research Paper. April 29,1518 Words   |  7 PagesProfessor Capozzi Research Paper April 29, 2017 Kate Chopin Kate Chopin was a famous author of short stories and articles. Kate was born on February 8, 1850, in St. Louis Missouri, and she grew up speaking English and French. 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Impact Of Globalization On The World - 1179 Words

The world we live in today has witnessed a variety of changes, improvements and important events overtime. Yet, the most significant incident for many and especially for business related people is Globalisation. It is a term that is used to describe the exchange of knowledge, services, trade, information, cultures and capital between people, governments and organisations of different societies. According to The Economist (2013), economic historians’ opinions tend to differ when it comes to the history of Globalisation or when did it start. However, they all agree that it is a process that has been going on for a long period of time. People have been trading and exchanging goods and knowledge in lands at great distances for ages. It is a consequence of the movement of people from a continent to another. Historians also believe that it is related to the base of trade and world commerce that was built and established centuries ago. Nonetheless, globalisation gained the attention of developed and under developing countries at the end of the 20th century. It was by the cease of the cold war and the innovation of the Internet as Thomas L. Friedman has mentioned in one of his books on Globalisation called The Lexus and the Olive Tree. The technological advancement that we are observing nowadays has made the world a smaller place. It has brought cultures and people closer together since connecting with individuals from all over the globe is much simpler compared to the past.Show MoreRelatedImpact Of Globalization On The World1158 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: Globalization is a movement that evolves over time. It heavily involves trade and business that builds relationships with border countries and overseas. 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People can contact different things in their own place which are from other countries. Moreover, internet is more important things in globalization whatever for personal or society as it can let us to contact the things

Social Stratification, Inequality and Slavery Essay

Introduction and Background: Social stratification is the structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and powers in a society it includes slavery, castes, the estate system, and social classes. Social stratification can been seen necessary through a functionalist eyes due to the fact that it motivates people to accept all jobs required for the society to survive. Conflict theorists see stratification as a major source of societal tension and conflict, different social levels with opposing interests can clash with one another over goals and resources. Interactionists stress the importance of social class in determining a persons lifestyle. The most extreme form of legalized social inequality†¦show more content†¦For example, the system of stratification that characterized the southern United States from the end of the Civil War through the 1960s resembled a caste system. These social stratifications create different situations where people of different race, ge nder, age and ethnic groups interact with one another. In the United States when Whites and minorities interactions between one another it usually create some tension and are awkward due to social norms and unfamiliar situations between one another. When discussing the struggles between age and gender it refers to the fight between younger people and older people, and male and female. When referring to older people and younger the main problem is usually the means and or use of technology or just understanding what’s happening now in our modern day. In the past, the fight between females and males was a landslide victory for males, who made it hard for females to get an education and jobs to acquire their dreams by themselves or on their own. Today females are now becoming more powerful especially in the work force, but females still are being dominated by their male counterpart making only .70 cents to the dollar. The Research Question: When using the scientific method for the Racial Diversity Feedback Survey the first step is to define the problem, how diverse our society is and how that effects social interaction and inclusion (class, racial groups, gender, sexual orientation, and religion). WhileShow MoreRelatedRelevance of Social Stratification1272 Words   |  6 PagesSocial stratification is defined as the division of a society into a number of hierarchically arranged strata. Strata are the levels or classes in society which are layered in a structured hierarchy with the least privileged at the bottom and most privileged at the top. (Giddens, 1977) A society, or human society, is a group of people related to each other through persistent relations, or a large social grouping sharing the same geographical or virtual territory, subject to the same political authorityRead MoreSocial Stratification1747 Words   |  7 Pagesaddress what social stratification is, and why sociologists consider it crucial to our understanding of today’s society. In addition it will also be discussing the three dimensions of social stratification and how we think its changed since the 1970s and 80s to today, and which theory we think best explains this change. Along with how the inequality of valued resources impacts America as a whole, and how the recent financial meltdown has made stratification worse in America. Stratification can be definedRead MoreSocial Stratification And The Caste System Essay1342 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Stratification Social stratification is an important component of society, as it helps individuals determine their proper place in society by creating a form of social hierarchy (Larkin, 2015). Many analysis use the social stratification system to help determine the inequalities, and this system of organization is found in every society across the world, though it will differ from one society to another (Larkin, 2015). Sociologists group different and diverse people into different levelsRead MoreSocial Stratification Has Good Consequences For Society1061 Words   |  5 Pagesstates that social stratification has good consequences for society. They argue societies may have different occupations or tasks that these jobs differ in their importance to society. 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This ownership came about as a result of conquest, trade, kidnapping, hereditary status or the repayment ofRead Morecauses of social stratification in named caribbean society809 Words   |  4 PagesQuestion: Describe the causes of social stratification in the Caribbean countries. In every known human society there is form of social inequality. This system was derived from events that took place some years ago. Social stratification can be class under the system of Plantation System and Social Mobility. According to Jenniffer Mohammed- Caribbean studies (2011). This rank or position in the social hierarchy is the lowest stratification occupied by the poorest groupsRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Stratification On Minorities1195 Words   |  5 Pagesminorities due to inequality†¨Introduction †¨During the course of this class I have learned about social problems within the society in which we live and around the world. 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Many minority Communities are subjected to racism and discrimination within/ outside their communities. The social prejudices on the black community gives an example of a caste system where you re born into unequal groups based on their parents (race), most likely born into poverty if a minority. â€Å"Minority racial groups are more likely to experience multidimensional property than their white counterparts†, due to historical

Organizational Change in an Information Technology

Question: Complete a research paper on Organizational Change in an Information Technology environment? Answer: Introduction The rate at which change is being manifested in the Organizations is rapidly outpacing the most complex theories like economic, social and philosophical changes on which most of the Organizations depend on. Most of the times these changes are being mistaken for causing an immense disturbance in the information technology aspect but they are fully capable of producing a revolutionary change in the technology (Cordell, A 1987). The environment has been modified to a greater extent and we need to be modified to adjust to the changing environment at an equally faster pace (Weiner, N 1957). The survival and growth of the Organizations in an increasingly turbulent environment would depend on the effective utilization of information technology in order to align the organizational structures. IT can help make the organizational environment more flexible. In this research article we will discuss the aspects of the impact of IT in managing the organizational change and its implications for the developing countries. Aspects of Information Technology Information Technology can be defined as a convergence of electronics, computing and tele communications. It has changed the entire aspect in which the IT can view the possible technological innovation in collecting, storing, processing, transmission and presenting the information in the IT spectrum. It has transformed the IT sector into a highly dynamic and expanding environment which can create new markets and generate new levels of investment with income and jobs however it can also provide other sectors with greater and efficient mechanisms for responding to a shift in the demand patterns and changes in the international market with competitive advantages with more efficient production processes and improved levels of services. For example this can happen through replacing of older mechanisms of office processing, file transactions, application processing and technological methods used in processing various applications. The development in the IT sector has been intimately linked to various advances which have been accomplished through micro - electronics. The electronics is based on the scientific changes and technological breakthroughs and it has been affecting every segment of the technological industry in terms of preparing the industry for the present and the future advancements. The introduction of the micro - chips has resulted in reduction of costs and has improved the technical performance of the electronics industry (Malone and Rockart 1993). The massive technological revolution which has been caused is a result of t features of the single micro - electronic chip which has permitted lower assembly costs for most of the electronic equipment which provide faster rates of speed which result in faster and more powerful computers. If we look at the other industries as well we find that the industries of steel and transport have undergone a massive change as a result of revolution in these aspects. All the sectors of the economy have been influenced by the IT revolution which has opened up greater opportunities for exploitation of the economies of various types of scales which allow more flexibility in production and usage of resources in various projects. These resources in turn can be deployed in various projects on need basis depending on the type of the projects, scalability and the skill sets which are required for the projects. In other industrial sectors like the manufacturing and in other sectors like agriculture their processes have been automated and they require more flexibility in terms of regularity of machines and technology. The pace of the technological change in the IT industry is more likely to accelerate the observable growth in the interdependence of the international relations which are not only related to economic or financial aspects however to political and cultural aspects. The advancements in the tele- communications and computerization have enabled lot of larger companies to use Information Technology to transmit their technical and economic information among the numerous computer systems which are available for them at various geographic locations to direct the managerial control from a central location. This has resulted and would further result in affecting the international division of labor and production in the international trade which could change the methods in which the industrial ownership and control would be changed to withstand the competitive edge of the individual countries which can generate new business in future (Kaplinsky, R., ed. 1986). Most of the changes in the Information Technology sector which are responsible for revolutionizing the industries and the organizational spectrum confer to the changes in the Information Technology in its real and economic significance. There is a greater level of substitution which is happening of the new technologies from the existing ones for the rationalization of the standard activities, IT offers completely new and different ways to work with the system integration. Previously there were different mechanisms which were being implemented in changing the technological systems and in the present times more than applying one item of new technology to each of the production functions various stages of production processes are being applied like design, production, marketing and distribution which could also be called as the stand alone applications which could lead to a lot of improvements and this process is also called as island automation. This process has evolved into a variety of new technologies. For example in most of the Information Technology sectors the systems which are prominent are the Enterprise Resource Planning Systems where IT offers the possibility of linking design to production. For examples in this spectrum programmable designs, customization applications, codification of designs, testing with the suitable testing application equipment which are followed by the planning and design to marketing and distribution. Finally the designed product is moved to different production environments where the server activities take place and these applications are moved to the servers for further availability of those applications to the customers at various locations. The complete integration of all these production sub systems in a synergy are made available for a long term in reality however the usage of the automated equipment are linked to the other individual items of equipment which belong to various segments of discrete operations which have made their way into the strategic issues of the IT industry. More technical advancements are possible in the automation of telecommunications, information and technology, electronics and media where data transmission will enhance the possibilities of the systems integration. The programmable automation or the computer integrated industry has the capacity of integrating information processing with various physical tasks which are performed by the programmable machine tools or robots. Computer integrated industry offers radical improvements in most of the problem causing areas like Reduced lead time for the existing and the new products Reduced inventories More accurate control over production and better quality production of management information Increase the production of the activities Reduced over - head costs Improved and consistent quality More accurate forecasting of the business futures Improved delivery performance (Miles et al 1988). Conclusion All these features characterize the computer integrated industry and the Information Technology as a new technological system with more advanced changes in the electronic, computer and tele communications technologies which converge and offer a range of new technological options to various branches of the economy. Project Management can be specific to any of the areas however in IT the system could involve more of the timelines and specific guidelines by which the entire project should be well balanced and implemented. All the project tasks should be readily available out of which any of the tasks could undergo changes at any point of time and there could be a no. of change requests which could be incorporated in the system. Effective planning and scheduling become the most critical aspects of the project management. Later the management and control of this phase become the critical parts of the project management life cycle. References Autor, D., L. F. Katz, A. Kreuger. 1997. Computing Inequality: Have Computers Changed the Labor Market? Mimeo, Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. Benjamin, R. Levinson, E., "A Framework for Managing IT- Enabled Change," Sloan Management Review, (Summer 1993), 23- 33. Berman, E., J. Bound, Z. Griliches. 1994. Changes in the Demand for Skilled Labor within U.S. Manufacturing Industries. Quarterly Journal of Economics 109. Clemons, E. K., S. P. Reddi, M. C. Row. 1993. The Impact of Information Technology on the Organization of Economic Activity: The "Move to the Middle" Hypothesis. Journal of Management Information Systems 10 935. Daft, R.L., .Organization Theory and Design., West, Saint Paul, MN, 1992. Davenport, T.H., J.E. Short 1990. .The New Industrial Engineering: Information Technology and Business Process Redesign.. Sloan Management Review 31,11-27. Drucker, P.F., The Big Power of Little Ideas. Harvard Business Review, 42 (May 1964), 6-8. Fisher, M., J. H. Hammond, W. R. Obermeyer, A. Raman. 1994. Making Supply Meet Demand in an Uncertain World. Harvard Business ReviewMayJune 8393. Hammer, M. 1990. Reengineering Work: Don.t Automate, Obliterate. Harward Business Review (July-August) 104-112. Hicks, J. 1970. Elasticity of Substitution Again; Substitutes and Complements. Oxford Economic Papers 22 289296. Jacobsson, S. "Technical Change and Industrial Policy: The Case of Computer Numerically Controlled Lathes in Argentina, Korea and Taiwan." World Development 13 (March 1985), no. 3. Kaplinsky, R., ed. "Restructuring Industrial Strategies." Bulletin of the Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex (1989). Morton, M.S. Scott, "Information Technology and Corporate Strategy," Planning Review, (September-October 1988), 28-31. Malone, T.W. Crowston, K., "Toward an Interdisciplinary Theory of Coordination," Technical Report 120, Center for Coordination Science, MIT, 1991.

London and the Country Essay Example For Students

London and the Country Essay The expectations of woman in London and the country are quite different seen from Act 1 when Pinchwife says Shes too awkward, ill-favoured and silly to bring to town which shows this contrasting view as his wife is a country wife. The cosmopolitan Mr. Pinchwife married his homely wife so that he could avoid all the infidelity, extravagance, and impertinence associated with the stereotypical city wife. He degrades her to ensure no man will want what is his. Pinchwifes character is opposite to Horner in their views on women. Pinchwife shows again that the contemporary view was that women should be devoted to their husbands as he goes to ridiculous lengths to keep his wife faithful, which satirises the paranoia of jealous men. He also contrasts with Horners view of intelligent women by saying What is wit in a wife good for, but to make a man a cuckold? Here he is indirectly saying that his wife has no wit, and therefore no sophisticated education. This view coincides with the times, where males would search the countryside to find nai ve women without diseases and lure them into the towns for business. Another expectation of women in the country was this idea of having no disease, A least we are a little surer of the breed there, know what her keeping has been, whether foiled or unsound. Lady Fidget in Act 1 characterises many of the town-dwelling women in the play. She is flirtatious with most of the male characters, especially Horner. She asks How you saucy fellow! Would you wrong my honour? Horner then replies If I could. These kinds of open displays of sexuality were common for many women of the time, even in front of their husbands. Lady Fidget also mentions her honour. Town women of the time were very preoccupied with the concept of honour. Women were happy to be promiscuous and show contempt for their marriages, as long as they could get away with it. While Act 1 does not show us much about differing views, it does shows us some ideas that expectations of women were different. Women from the cities, including London were assumed to be well-educated and also unfaithful to husbands, whereas as countrywomen were expected to be free of disease, faithful and loyal and not very attractive.