Compare between contrast system software and application software Essay

French Revolution2 essays

French Revolution2 articles The announcement refering to the basic reason for the French Revolution as the impact between a ground-breaking, rising bourgeoisie and a settled in gentry guarding it's benefits has extraordinary relevance in summing up the contention of 1789. The reasons for the French Revolution, being incited by this crash of forces, was the Financial obligation of the legislature and the long-standing political contrasts in the administration. Through the span of a quarter century after the Seven Years' War, the administration of Francethe Bourgeoisie sovereignty, couldn't deal with it's funds on a sound premise. This was exacerbated when France helped the American Revolution against Great Britain. The Government had reached extraordinary monetary obligation. The difficult lied and proceeded in view of the government's failure to tap the abundance of the French country by tax assessment. There was an incredible Catch 22 in France being a rich country with an administration in destitution. The decaying accounts of the legislature is what activated the drawn out contrasts between the Bourgeoisie and the nobility. The political contrasts between the government and the nobles came about after the Seven Years' war too. The expanding obligation of the government raised the desire for the government to continue an outright force status as it did with Louis XIV. Anyway this couldn't be practiced in light of the uncertainty that the general population had towards the current lords Louis XV what's more, Louis XVI, and general society couldn't be influenced to help. The main outcome of the endeavors for absolutism by the government were a progression of new and increment burdens on the nobles. The nobility quickly responded to these burdens as announcing them uncalled for and would not acknowledge them. Louis XV started with a progression of Financial counselors chancellors which all had the goal of sparing the government from monetary ruin. They made numerous endeavors at ... <!

Cyber-security Essay

The web is no man’s land. The entire world has been dissolved into a worldwide town as the Internet plagues the homes, workplaces and even telephones. The web has gotten nearer to our considerations and emotions consistently as visit motors would now be able to communicate sentiments and delineate idea designs. Data about self, plan of work, profession, and family are likewise expediently accessible and sent by means of the web. Most, if not all, organizations own a site where the customers/clients can get to their data. Truth be told, money related organizations run exchanges through the internet. Security outfits have private and classified information on Networks that can without much of a stretch access the Net. All these point to on pellucid reality: the internet can't be disregarded. It can't be disregarded in view of the hazard related with such move. This underscores the requirement for the internet security. The duty of government isn't only for the inner and outskirt security of her kin; it additionally incorporates security over the web. Despite the fact that the web has a place with nobody, government can find a way to advance her kin from Internet extortion, spyware and other security dangers. As the world therapists, the Internet will be a methods for scoundrels and foes of progress and opportunity to use to propagate their offensive. This is another motivation behind why the administration must pay attention to the issue very. This is the reason the coordinated effort among Symantec and National Cyber Security Alliance is honorable. This gives measurements about security issues on the Internet: it hypothesizes that just around one-fifth of PC and web clients have satisfactory security assurance albeit most accept they are ensured. This implies there is a hole: most accept what isn't. Overcoming any barrier is a significant part of crafted by Department of Homeland Security and NCSA. It isn't sufficient to have insights in spite of the fact that they are key realities whereupon choices are based. I accept these figures are surprisingly more terrible than what is said. The report doesn't show what number of clients were utilized for the examination and how dependable that rate can be. If so, energetic mass exposure and crusades will help. This will include state and government offices, and private associations that give web and PC administration. The article titled ‘Americans confounded as ever over digital security’ gives an away from of what the test is. The inquiry is who is liable for this disarray? The clients of the internet have a major lump of this disarray as they need out data about how to protect themselves from web dangers. It is likely they would have attempted yet the data isn't open. This implies data on cybersecurity isn't easy to use; this is where they truly need to work. Additionally, remaining safe online seems overwhelming for some clients. Since antivirus, antispyware and firewall programming are the forefront fundamental insurances Americans ought to have, data ought to be promptly available. Cybersecurity is clearly will keep on being significant. Endeavors need to distraught currently to defend PC and Internet clients. This can be accomplished first through data made accessible at the purpose of procurement; enlighten individuals concerning security. At that point, PC frill Unit ought to have likewise brief data for their clients. Network access suppliers have a major task to carry out: they have to set up a bundle on cybersecurity like FAQs that can be utilized by their customers. Standard updates ought to likewise be made accessible.

Report on field visit to SARDI (Aquatic Sciences) Free Essays

Amphibian Sciences is an examination division under SARDI with a fundamental maxim of the reasonable development of South Australian Industries. The South Australian Aquatic Sciences Center (SAASC) is situated at West Beach on the shores of Gulf St. Vincent and a large portion of the examination works in amphibian science are led here. We will compose a custom exposition test on Report on field visit to SARDI (Aquatic Sciences) or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now The push zones of research incorporate 1. Aquaculture: Here dynamic research is being done for freshwater, salty and marine aquaculture needs. This incorporate advancement of diets, species choice and so forth. 2. Marine Environment and Ecology: lead investigate on natural surroundings mapping, ecological effect appraisal, and so forth . Oceanography: Research to comprehend the impact of oceanographic factors on atmosphere. 4. Wild Fisheries: They do stock appraisal works and give vital data to the enterprises required for the feasible misuse of the stocks, for example, abalone, rock lobster, prawns, snapper, garfish and Australian sardines. Likewise embraces studies to gauge the effect of angling exertion on fish stocks. 5. Inland Waters Catchment Ecology: Undertake investigate on inland water environments. There are 87 research and specialized staff, 18 care staff and 40 postgraduate situations at West Beach inquire about focus. The offices incorporate a focal library with the most present day and complete writing of various parts of oceanic sciences. The pool ranch has offices to do inquire about in both marine and freshwater conditions with tanks of various limits. We were permitted to visit the diverse research framework offices, for example, waterfront finfish incubation facilities, modern aquaculture labs, controlled condition rooms, fish maturing labs, picture investigation rooms and so forth. All in all, the excursion was of incredible use to comprehend the different research exercises that are going on in the field of sea life science. Step by step instructions to refer to Report on field visit to SARDI (Aquatic Sciences), Papers

Presentation Topics - What Are the Best Presentation Topics?

Presentation Topics - What Are the Best Presentation Topics?Do you want to make the best presentation possible? If you are a beginner in business, you probably want to know what the best presentation topics are. Here are some tips that will help you figure out what is the best presentation topic for your needs.The first thing that you need to figure out is who are the most important people in your company or product. This could be your CEO, your management team, your board of directors, your clientele, your customers, or whatever. What are they looking for?How should you present this information? You should come up with topics that are relevant to them. In other words, if you are presenting a product, then you should talk about how the product will benefit the customer. If you are talking about your business processes, then talk about how the processes are working. Use case studies and real world examples to really get the point across.The next step to take when creating an effective presentation is to make sure that you have chosen the right style. A lot of people make the mistake of using a presentation style that they are not familiar with. This is a big no-no.Choose the presentation style that fits you best. If you have a professional background, then you probably should use a PowerPoint presentation. If you have no idea what a presentation style is, then you should get a training course or look at some courses online to learn more about presentation styles.Choosing the best presentation topics can be tricky, but once you get the hang of it, it will become easier. The key to making the best presentation is that you must be able to come up with the best information quickly. Once you have the presentation out on the table, you need to get itdone.Once you get the presentation out on the table, you have to take the time to talk about it. It is good to talk about some of the points in the presentation, but if you don't answer questions and show proof of the info rmation, then it won't do you any good. Remember, the aim of the presentation is to get people's attention and they want to hear more.You will probably have to work your way through all of the presentation topics in order to find the one that works the best for you. But once you get them down, you will find that making presentations is very easy once you get the hang of it.

Inequality in Aviation Law - Free Essay Example

Research Proposal: 1. Title: Legal and institutional obstacles to international commercial aviation cargo claims against shippers, consignees and parties claiming under their title. 2. Background and outline of the research problem: The fact that the exchange of goods and services is an important aspect of human life is beyond controversy; that activity dates back to history as attested by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“trade by barterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  during the stone ages; in modern times, countries of the world are not equally endowed with human and natural resources, more importantly, the economic principle espoused by comparative advantage on one hand, the free market economy and globalization on the other, has made international trade and inter-governmental commercial transactions, an indispensable aspect of human life. The aviation industry could aptly be described as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“gate-way to the global economyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  due to the value and volume of goo ds carried by air which accounts for a sizeable bulk of trade and commerce between nations of the world. To lend credence to the above assertion, it is necessary to emphasize the fact that Trade and Commerce have become internationalized which of course makes carriage of goods by air, indispensable. The air transport industry plays a major role in world economy; the industry is fundamental for growth and development as well as a springboard for quality human life, a necessary element to maintain a smooth flow of air transportation in order to reap the immense benefits thereof, is to ensure equitable and a balanced terms of contract to the parties and stake holders involved in the global transaction. The extant inequality amongst the parties in aviation transportation transactions is the principal issue which this research sets out to critically examine. 3. Literature review and reasons for choosing the topic As highlighted above to the effect that comparative advantage and globalization has internationalized trade and commerce, carriage of goods by air is one of the veritable vehicle or conduit pipe towards the actualization of international trade, however, there are concerns across the globe regarding the almost insurmountable legal and institutional hurdles faced by cargo interests when cargo loss or damage arises; the multiplicity of the rules militating against successful cargo claims either by litigation or through Alternative Dispute Resolution methods are diverse, nay, various jurisdictions apply various rules embodied in the contract of air carriage. Though it is an unassailable fact that international trade is facilitated through aviation but there is no uniform rule regulating the global contract of air carriage, in effect, rather than have one rule applicable internationally, three carriage regimes namely the Warsaw, Guadalajara and Montreal as well as several amendments in the form of protocols are in operation depending on whichever of the rule a cargo carrier chooses and which country has ratified any of the conventions; cargo interests thus have no choice than abide with the carriersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ choice, aside from above, many of the provisions of the afore stated carriage regimes were drafted in a way that present difficulties of judicial interpretation; be that as it may, the practical application of the rules concurrently had fettered and continue to do incalculable damages to free trade, this development in essence engenders uncertainty and prompts avoidable and needless litigations worldwide. It is on this note that this research intends to embark on a beneath-the-surface analysis of aviation cargo claims so as to bring to the fore the anomalous state of affairs, ipso facto, fill the knowledge interstitial and proceed to make recommendations which hopefully, would redress the myriad of shortcomings of the current global aviation law and practice. 4. Research questions In order to gain insight i nto the lopsided state of international air carriage laws, the following questions shall be investigated in the course of this research: What is aviation cargo claims, what warrants them, what is their nature, source, scope and complexities; why is the onerous burden of proof placed on cargo owners when all the time when damage or loss arises, cargo is not in their custody but in the custody of carrier, warehouse or port authorities; specifically, why is that before a cargo interest can validly institute a meritorious proceedings against the carrier for unlimited sum, he must prove fault on the part of the carrier ditto its servants or agents acting during and within the scope of their employment, what is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“documentationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“long roomà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“demurrageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“port surchargeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  in aviation transactions, does the foregoing concepts delay cargo shipping and delivery and do they ad d to the cost of aviation which are ultimately on-passed to hapless consumers and end users of goods transported via air, why is it that the carrier who is in position to weigh or measure cargo, issue air waybill and cargo receipt in that behalf but when dispute arises as to weight of cargo, the cargo owner is irreversibly obliged to prove the weight of the cargo, does the application of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“utmost good faithà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  principle in aviation insurance contracts engender a balanced relationship between the insurer and insured; what is proximate cause, it is settled law, that where there is a loss there is a claim, but does the practical application of restitio in integrum concept in aviation insurance really effective and in the best interest of cargo? What are obstacles to aviation cargo claims, does obstacles to aviation cargo claims inhibits trade between persons, organizations and nation-states and if the answer is in the affirmative, what efforts are being mad e internationally to achieve a uniform rule with respect to mitigating the negative effect of obstacles to aviation cargo claims on international trade and commerce, what is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“carriersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ limitation of liabilityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“package limitationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and in whose interest were they inserted into contract of air carriage and what is their effect on cargo interest, why is that the conventions did not prescribe a specific form for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“declaration of special interestà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  with respect to value of cargo, why is that if à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“declaration of special interestà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is made orally it is invalid, if entered in any other space aside from the designated place on the waybill, it is a nullity, why is that a declaration lawfully made which is unlikely to be seen by the carrier because it appears in an odd place in the waybill authored and issued by the carrier is invalid, what is forum non convenien ce, ditto à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“considerable deferenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“private interest factorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“public interest factorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ? When a cargo claim arises, which of the extant regimes governs the cause of action and who has the right or title to initiate aviation claims and on whom does the burden of liability for loss or damage to cargo rests, what is the length of time allowed to initiate aviation cargo claims; is there uniformity in the time frame allowed internationally, is the said time length equitable or justified in all circumstances warranting their continued imposition, and have they improved or worsen the economic and socio well-being of cargo interests; why is it that there is imposition of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“notice periodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  on cargo interest within which to file cargo claims, the expiry of which said notice period, a suit contemplated by cargo interest no matter how meritorious, becomes statute barred, what is the use of notice period, what is their purpose or utility in aviation transactions, do they frustrate genuine cargo claims and do they deny litigants of their constitutional right of access to courts, why is the economic loss occasioned by delay of aircrafts is almost foreclosed to claims, is this the law or custom and practice and for whose benefit is this clause inserted into air carriage contracts? Are there other dispute resolution mechanisms aside from litigation to resolve aviation cargo claims; if so, are the said mechanisms equitable and justifiable in all circumstances, and why is that the conventions governing air carriage did not expressly accord recognition to the settlement of disputes between cargo interests and carriers by arbitration and yet prescribed arbitration of disputes between carriers, what is the meaning of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“exclusive jurisdiction clauseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“choice of location for Arbitration sole determination by the car rier,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  does the right of access to court of choice by cargo interest or Arbitration hampered by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“exclusive jurisdiction clauseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“unilateral choice of location for Arbitration by the carrierà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , does enforcement of arbitration clauses in support of air waybill go against third parties claiming under the title of shippers and consignees especially where there are sub-bailment to which the concerned shipper or consignee is not a party ab initio, given the conflicting provisions of the conventions, could a plaintiff recover court costs, interests and other incidental expenses of litigation from a carrier and does the time tested doctrine of law: verba fortius acci piuntur contra proferentem apply to aviation cases? 5. Research design The research is non-empirical; it shall be based on conceptual analysis and the review of relevant literature; and aviation trade by its nature being a cross jurisdictional tran saction, the study shall majorly be premised on comparative and critical analysis of established legal principles, rules and doctrines. 6. Research methodology Qualitative research approach shall be used the research being a non-empirical one; for the requisite data and information, Conventions, Treaties, Case Law Reports, Journals, Internet, Articles, Historical records, and Textbooks on Aviation Law and global trade shall be used. The contents of the above materials shall be subjected to critical analysis. 7. Structure of Thesis Chapters Chapter 1 : Introduction Chapter 2 : Obstacles arising from carriersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ acts Chapter 3 : Obstacles attributable to airport authorities, warehouses, cargo custodians etc Chapter 4 : Obstacles posed by insurance companies for shippersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and consigneesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Chapter 5 : Obstacles for third parties claiming under shippers and consignees titles Chapter 6 : International trade and Aviation Law Chapter 7 : Steps towards unification of International Aviation Law Chapter 8 : Conclusion Delineations and limitations This research shall only consider cargo claims carried by common carriers via international air routes and covered by the carrierà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Air Waybill. 8. References 8.1: Legislation Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation 1944 Guadalajara Convention 1961 Guatemala City Protocol 1971 Hague Protocol 1955 Montreal Additional Protocol Number 1975 Montreal Convention 1999 Montreal Protocol 1978 Rome Convention 1952 Warsaw Convention 1929 8.2: Case Law Antwerp United Diamond BVBA v Air Europe [1993] 4 All ER 469 Connaught Lab. Limitedv. British Airways,Ontario Court of Appeals (2005) 77 OR 3(d) 34 Corocraft Ltd v Pan-American World Airways [1969] QB 616, 631 Delta Air Lines, Inc. v. Chimet, S.P.A. (3d Cir. (Pa.) Aug. 30, 2010) Gatewhite Ltd. et.al. v. Iberia Lineas Aeras de Espena S.A., [1989] 1 All ER 944, Gilchrist Watt Sanderson Pty Ltd v York Products Pty Ltd [1970] 1 WLR 1262 Goldman v Thai Airways International Ltd [1983] 3 All ER 693 Green Computer ABv.Federal Express Corp. et al.,2004 FCA 111 Hosaka v. United Airlines Inc 305 F3d 989 Markham Meat Industries Supplies Inc.v.Air France,(1998) No.98-BN-01639 (OCGD) MDSI Mobile Data Solutions Inc.v.Federal Express,2003 BCCA 9 Morris v CW Martin Sons Ltd [1966] 1 QB 716 Muoneke v. Compagnie Nationale Air France 2009 WL 1311579 (C.A.5) (Tex) Nuvo Electronics Inc.v.London Assurance et al.,2000 CanLII 22388. Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢gray Import Export v. British Airways PLC (D. Md. May 4, 2007). Notice Proctor v Jetway Aviation (1982) 2 NSWLR 264, 271 (SC (NSW)); Rothmans of Pall Mall (Overseas) Ltd v Saudi Arabian Airlines Corp [1980] 3 All ER 359 Sed contra Rustenburg Platinum Mines Ltd v South African Airways [1979] 1 Lloydà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Rep 19 SS Pharmaceu tical Co Ltd v Qantas Airways Ltd [1991] 1 Lloyds Rep 288 (CA (NSW)) Tasman Pulp Paper Co Ltd v Brambles JB Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Loghlen Ltd, [1981] 2 NZLR 225 Timeny v British Airways plc (1991) 56 SASR 287 Uniden v. Federal Express US District Court, MDPenn, 20 Avi 17, 433 UPS Supply Chain Solutions, Inc. v. American Airlines, Inc. (N.D. Ill. Aug. 14, 2009). Notice Westminster Bank v. Imperial Airways Kingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Bench Division, XLLR, 1936, 242 8.3: Literature Books I. H. Ph. Diederiks Verschoor, An Introduction to Air Law, 8th revised edition, The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 2006. P. S. Dempsey M. Milde, International Air Carrier Liablity: The Montreal Convention of 1999 (Montreal: McGill University, Institute of Air and Space Law, 2005) P.P.C. Haanappel, The Law and Policy of Air Space and Outer Space, The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2003. Paul B. Larsen, John Gillick, Joseph Sweeney: Aviation Law: Cases, Laws and Rel ated Sources: Second Edition Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2012 Peter Martin, et al., Air Law, Vol. 1, 4th edition, London: Butterworths, 1977. Journals Air Space Law The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International Air Space Lawyer American Bar Association, USA Air Law Review New York University, USA Annals of Air and Space Law Institute and Centre of Air and Space Law, Faculty of Law, McGill University, Montreal, Canada B. Allan I. Mendelsohn, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Warsaw Convention and Where We Are TodayÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¸, Journal of Air Law and Commerce, Vol. 62, 1996 1997, pp. 1071 1082 Frederick B. Lacey, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Recent Developments in the Warsaw ConventionÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¸, Journal of Air Law and Commerce, Vol. 33, 1967, pp. 385 401. Issues in Aviation Law Policy DePaul University College of Law, Illinois, USA J. C. Batra, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Modernization of the Warsaw System Montreal 1999ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¸, Journal of Air Law and Commerce, Vol. 65, 1999 2000, pp. 429 444. Journal of Air Law and Commerce Southern Methodist University School of Law, Texas Westlaw Journal: Aviation Nicholas Sullivan, Thomson Reuters, USA Paul Stephen Dempsey: The Role of the International Civil Aviation Organization on Deregulation, Discrimination, and Dispute ResolutionÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¸, Journal of Air Law and Commerce, Vol. 52, 1986 1987. Internet www.icao.org www.admiraltylaw.com www.aviation.lawyer.com www.aviationlawadvisor.com

Analyze The Topic Of Motivation Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2906 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? The main task of a successful manager in the working environment is to get things done through the proper organization of employees interaction. To make it happen the manager ought to motivate the staff. But its much easier to say it than to implement. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Analyze The Topic Of Motivation Business Essay" essay for you Create order The issue of Motivation is really difficult topic both from practical and theoretical sides. It appears that despite the huge development of business psychology, the nature of motivation is still not clearly understood. Still many employees all over the world are facing inner conflicts trying to make themselves do the work which they dont want to do. Many employers trying to figure out how they can raise the effectiveness and efficiency of their teams. Nevertheless the problem remains. Moreover, the issue of poor motivation leads us to another troubles such as: Bad inner climate in the organization Low performance Conflicts in the team Increased turnover Additional expenses for motivation and team-building trainings Etc. Definitely these points altogether can make the life of any organization significantly more difficult, especially considering the current difficult economical situation. Thats why its essential to find a proper solution for this case. To under stand how motivation works, we need to figure out the human nature. Some aspects of the human nature are obvious, the other lies deep inside its core structure. And its important to always remember it on the long road of understanding the concept of effective motivation. During the observation of the revealed problem we will have to cover some of the relevant areas of psychology. Motivation has some kind of a riddle inside as its not directly linked to money or promotion. It has nothing to do with outer environment. What is really important in this case is inner motives. 1.2 Aim The primary aim of this work is to analyze the topic of motivation, observe the most important psychological factors which have an influence on employees raising or decreasing the level of motivation, and offer perspective approach of managing the motivation through creating healthy relations between managers and employees. We will also focus on different tools and instruments using which we can manage this issue as practical side is really important in this research. 1.3 Structure After the introduction we will cover the part which is dedicated to the role of psychology regarding the topic of motivation and afterwards we will observe some of the most significant psychological factors which have direct affection on the employees performance. Finally, we will summarize the most important points of this work and review them in the conclusion. The role of psychology in corporate interpersonal relations Much of motivational problems are coming from imbalanced relations in team (especially in interaction of employees and the management). Usually specialists are trying to find the roots of the poor motivation in outer factors such as salary, unsatisfying working environment and an absence of expected promotion. It appears that this approach doesnt work effectively as the problem remains to be the same both for small and for big business (despite the level of offered to empl oyees salary), both for employees who recently got promoted and for those who stocked in their career development and finally its also still actual for the companies which have lots of different HR awards for creating a perfect working condition for the staff. Consequently, we may assume that the answer lies somewhere else. In this part of the work we will observe various models and concepts of motivation systems and later we will try to evaluate and suggest some critical points on which we could base new construct of modern motivation approach. We can define motivation as the psychological process that gives behavior purpose and direction (Kreitner, 1995) and also as an internal drive to satisfy an unsatisfied need (Higgins, 1994). It is possible to define motivation as attraction to the goal and inner readiness to undertake something to achieve it. The need to understand factors which motivate and inspire employees and moreover what potentially could employers do to increase th e level of motivation, has been the primary aim of research by many scientists and still this topic has high relevance and many uncovered questions inside. There are many different points of view and models of motivation structure which were discovered by psychologists and business coaches. Now we will observe some of them. Scientific Model The concept of scientific management considers the staff as an input to the production of goods/services. This idea is based on training and development of employees instead of giving them an opportunity to choose their own goals, training methods and tasks, and the main objective is to perform the work according to the plan and developed strategy. Significant contribution to this approach was brought by Frederick Taylor. Taylor analyzed human behavior from the scientific point of view with the machine model considering people as an equivalent of mechanism. After detailed analysis of the job process, employees were trained to do only wha t was required for required result. In some sense, the main aim was to separate human variability from the working process. Taylors concept was successful and really increased production and profitability. Nevertheless, Taylors approach considered employees as machines and faced strong resistance from workers who saw this process as dehumanization. Moreover this approach also met group resistance because nobody likes to be closely monitored during the whole period of working time as it raises additional stress and frustration. Behavioral approach This approach puts emphasis on factors which motivate employees and aimed at identification and account for the influences that motivate staff. The roots of this concept are beginning from Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs theory which considered human basic needs in the form of a hierarchy, being ranged from lowest to the highest. Maslow was inclined to think that lower level needs had to be satisfied before the higher level needs a nd since one particular set of needs is satisfied, that kind of needs is not a motivator anymore. The needs which Maslow included in his concept are the following: Physiological needs Safety or Security Social Needs Esteem Self actualization If we take a look at Maslows hierarchy of needs, well easily see that when each group of needs is satisfied, higher need becomes primal. Here also hides another interesting point when a need is satisfied, it stops being motivating anymore. The breaking point of Abraham Maslows theory is to concentrate on evaluating the level of hierarchy the person currently has and focus on the goal of satisfying that persons needs and the higher needs. This theory of needs has been widely developed and accepted by managers all around the world. Despite the fact that this theory is easy to be practically implemented and generally simple to understand, it still doesnt have solid practical evidence of its effectiveness and moreov er there is no system to measure the efficiency of the theory after implementation. Vrooms Expectancy Theory The following concept claims that motivation stands on core values and beliefs of people and tests motives through the idea of what will happen according to the individuals expectations. It is organized around the idea that employees activity will lead to performance and consequently performance will bring us to appraisal and rewards. This theory claims that people can be motivated if they truly believe that there is a positive connection between the efforts which employees put in and their performance which afterwards leads to rewards. Finally, the reward creates an opportunity to satisfy a significant need and this desire is solid enough to make the efforts seem worthy. Vrooms theory also states that the advantage of employees motivation will depend on the structure to which they inclined to expect the results to contribute towards their needs or aims and locate th at motivation as a result of a cautious and rational calculation(Vroom, 1964). Basically, Vroom claims that the equation which explains main concept of his theory Motivation = Expectancy * Instrumentality * Valence possibly might be used to predict if a particular reward will be considered as a solid enough motivator for an employee or not. Porter-Lawler Expectancy theory Basically, this theory is based on the same structure as Vrooms theory and suggests that core levels of motivation are stood more on the value that employees place on the reward.  Real performance in a working process is basically organized by the invested effort and is usually affected by the employees ability to qualified performance and the perception of what the required task is all about. Porter-Lawler theory claims that performance is the most significant factor that leads us to inner and outer-oriented rewards which with the equity of employee leads to overall satisfaction. This theory demonstr ates the importance of policy of avoiding discriminatory practices in the working environment and claims that it is essential for the personnel to give equal and fair treatment to the staff. Part 2 After we have observed several theories and approaches in the first part of the work, we may state that none of them are perfect and moreover we may suggest that successful manager surely needs to apply a mix of these concepts in his attempts to organize a working process in the most effective way and motivate people really efficiently. In this part we will cover various hints and tools on which a new approach relevant to the situation can be based. One of the most important points of a new generations approach is a fact that money and promotion are main motivators. Unfortunately it is not so simple, and it doesnt equal happy staff. Definitely, money will always play an important role in motivating people and certainly serious compensation plan is extremely valuable to attracting and making stat key employees. But the answer is that additional money is not the only answer and in many different situations not the best answer. It appears that non-monetary compensation is the main value which employer is able to provide to employees nowadays. It also seems logical to highlight three major areas where emphasis should be put: Treatment, Education Development and Environment. Now, lets take a more attentive look at them. Treatment If we speak about the treatment its very important for a manager to give to employees recognition and attention. When people accomplish a task it means that they have achieved something. Recognition is some kind of appreciation for the achievement. Many managers forget about giving recognition because its not so widely developed policy in todays corporate environment. Recognition works also very well when it comes from an executive management. The secret of this tool is that it shouldnt be used neither too often nor too rare. Its also essential to manage corporate events offsite as they events empower bonding which in return strengthen team spirit, which significantly enhances positive work environment. There should be always a place for some relaxing and entertaining events in a corporate lifestyle of any organization. These events significantly help to establish friendly and positive atmosphere in team and consequently raise the level of motivation and maintain required enviro nment. Holidays and Birthday parties, sports events can help bring all employees together for a happy party time. The most successful events appear to be those which affiliated with various specific themes such as cultural theme for example, really nice ideas to base contest on. Another interesting idea which can help to create a solid motivation level is giving a chance to employees to have a time off.   Effective manager should create contests that earn time off. Employees will compete with a great enthusiasm for additional one or two hours off. And moreover theyll do it as hard as they will work for usual monetary award. When people have an opportunity to get dismissals, arrivals and additional vacation days it will motivate and inspire them. Education Development Education should be provided surely because it will be considered by the employees as an important value. For instance, individual coaching can be a solid contribution to employees development. The only price here is time. When employer invests his time in employees development it means his care and pure interest in team progress through the prism of every individual. Besides that, usual training also should not be forgotten. There is no such employer who can provide too much training. There are many employers who think that employees have already been enough trained or generally the level of employees development is high enough and only one member of the team needs training. Education processes in company should be controlled by a supervisor with provided help from specific employees who are able to demonstrate a specific strength amongst the skills list. These training sessions will continually increase the effectiveness of the performance of employees and the productivity of a business. Various seminars (outside and inside) are also can be provided. Basically, these seminars are usually efficient for many people. Different seminars can be granted for some employees in a form of a prize. Then this seminar can be recreated to the rest of the people by participants and finally the whole staff can get the knowledge nearly for free. Trainings on the topic of Stress Management also can play part in a process of motivation formation.  Many different books and articles were written on this topic. These materials can be given to employees and moreover manager should encourage them to use these materials in practice. Its also great if a company has a possibility to provide a seminar inside the organization on various stress management strategies and techniques. Its also important to give a clear understanding of a career path to employees. The staff needs to know what is waiting them potentially in the nearest future from the promotion point of view, what opportunities they have for growth. This aspect plays a really significant role in the overall motivation process of employees. Effective manager should also set visible career paths in the organization. Environment Various industry studies have shown the importance of good work environment and its significant role in motivation. Its a pleasant fact that more and more employers appreciate the meaning of proper working condition. Comfort and well-organized working conditions are very important to the emotional state which employees feel regarding the environment where people work. The office should look really nice: pictures on the walls, plantsÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± fresh paint and nice furniture will definitely make people feel much better about their working environment. Its essential to control if there is enough space for effective and comfortable working process or not. All desks should be ergonomic and of the proper size, chairs and sofas should be comfortable. Effective manager definitely should also care not only about outer environment but about the inner part too. Surely, there are many employees nearly in every organization who would like to use their chance to handle additional re sponsibility. Managers ought to identify who these people are and try to do best to match the most actual responsibilities to the employees strengths and wants. Conclusion Finally we have observed various motivation approaches, theories and whats even more important, practical guidelines which can be practically implemented in a process of raising motivation amongst employees and keeping it on a high level permanently. Effective managers need to figure out what motivates employees in the context of the roles they perform and understand the process, theories, and fundamental components of motivation concept. Despite the fact which theory is chosen, (or even the mix of them) interesting work and employee pay are important links to higher motivation. Various options such as job enlargement, job enrichment, promotions, monetary and especially non-monetary types of compensation should be taken into consideration. The secret key to effective motivating employees is to know what m otivates them and designing a motivation program based on those core needs. Successful leader who understands his teams hidden desires and forces which motivates people should permanently reflect and react on his activities re-developing and optimizing his approach. All listed earlier concepts should be kept in mind altogether because motivation is a personal thing for every individual. When employees realize that they are being treated equally and fairly, they will most probably do their best in work. Manager needs to keep in mind that employees have their own personal goals and system of motivation as much effective as much it meets these aims. Fair pay and comfortable humanized working conditions are surely essential for any organization as these criteria cover basic needs of every employee. Nevertheless, such inner factors as fulfillment at work and recognition shouldnt be forgotten as such type of a motivation helps to Motivating staff helps to make employees more devoted an d committed to the workplace. Through understanding of the effects of different motivation techniques, we are able to make work a really exciting, challenging and interesting experience for employees during creating a more productive, profitable and competitive business structure. It is important to create the proper environment to motivate and engage people through the lever of development, communication channels, solid training and fair and feedback given in a proper time. Its also very important for a manager to try to practically apply a skill of empathy and ask himself about the factors which motivate every person of the team individually. Knowing this and understanding factors which drives people can help figure out what sequence of moves should be taken in every particular case and situation. Understanding the motivations of others can give insight which will better help to understand hidden relations.